![]() Unfortunately, ureteral endometriosis is often asymptomatic leading to silent obstructive uropathy and renal failure. High degree of obstruction may proceed for a long time without symptoms, leading to deterioration of renal function. There is a limited correlation between severity of symptoms and the degree of obstruction of the ureter. Symptoms are often cyclical when the ureter is involved, and cyclic microscopic hematuria is a hallmark of intrinsic ureteral disease. Abdominal pain is the predominant symptom, occurring in 45% of symptomatic patients. Since the extrinsic form of the disease is more common resulting from endometriosis affecting the rectovaginal septum or uterosacral ligaments and surrounding tissues, patients present with dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, and pelvic pain. Clinical symptoms of ureteral endometriosis are often silent. Bladder detrusor endometriosis symptoms may cause symptoms similar to painful bladder syndrome therefore, diagnosis of bladder endometriosis should be considered in patients with recurrent dysuria and suprapubic pain. Less than 20% of patients however report cyclical menstrual hematuria, which is considered a pathognomic sign for bladder endometriosis. These symptoms generally occur on a cyclic basis and are exaggerated during menstruation. “Vesical endometriosis is usually presented with suprapubic and back pain or with irritative voiding symptoms.None (if endometriosis is close to the ureters there may be no presenting symptoms).lower back pain (on one side)” (Medical News Today, 2018).burning or painful sensations when passing urine,.Acute bowel obstruction due to stenosis is a scarce complication reported only in cases when severe small bowel involvement is present or in the presence of dense pelvic adhesions.” (Charatsi et al., 2018) Bleeding can also occur due to severe bowel obstruction and ischemia. Since intestinal mucosa is rarely affected, rectal bleeding is also an unusual symptom, reported in 0 to 15% to 30% of patients. Cyclical symptoms that aggravate during menses, however, have also been reported in a small number of patients. The traditional cyclical pattern of symptomatology has not been confirmed by recent studies which postulate a rather noncyclical chronic pelvic pain as a more persistent symptom. “The gastrointestinal tract is the most common location of extrapelvic endometriosis (and extragenital pelvic endometriosis when referring to rectum, sigmoid, and bladder)… Symptoms, in general, include crampy abdominal pain, dyschezia, tenesmus, meteorism, constipation, melena, diarrhea, vomiting, hematochezia, pain on defecation, and after meals.Dark feces containing blood (melena) or fresh blood with bowel movements (hematochezia) (Charatsi et al., 2018).Bloating, abdominal discomfort (meteorism).Having to strain harder to have a bowel movement or having cramp like pain in the rectum (tenesmus).Some signs of endometriosis in other places/specific places might include: Burning or hypersensitivity- suggestive of a neuropathic component.Chronic fatigue, exhaustion, low energy.Irritability or premenstrual tension syndrome.Inability to carry on normal activities including work or school.migraines and headaches at the time of period or before.wide range of allergies and allergic disease.Bleeding after sex (postcoital bleeding).Gynecological infections and low resistance to infection.Nausea and stomach upset around periods.Painful defecation (dyschezia) during periods.Heavy or prolonged periods (hypermenorrhea or menorrhagia).Pain often worsened over time and changed in character.Rectal pain (throbbing, dull or sharp, exacerbated by physical activity).Pain between periods (intermenstrual pain).Chronic pelvic pain (lasting ≥6 months). ![]() Lower abdominal pain or suprapubic pain.Pain during sexual intercourse or after sex (dyspareunia).Pelvic pain before and during menstruation.Pain with periods (dysmenorrhea)- during and at the end of menstruation.Clinical diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis: a scoping review. Riazi, H., Tehranian, N., Ziaei, S., Mohammadi, E., Hajizadeh, E., & Montazeri, A. The following study performed a literature review on pelvic endometriosis in order to identify signs and symptoms (hoping to lead to more timely investigation into the possibility of endometriosis). For some, infertility rather than pain is the first sign that they note. One example is sciatica type symptoms- pain running along the lines of the sciatic nerve (from the low back down the back of the leg). ![]() While endometriosis can present with “typical” symptoms such as chronic pelvic pain during menstruation, it can also present with symptoms not readily attributed to endometriosis. Endometriosis symptoms can vary widely in both presentation and severity.
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![]() License Type: Full Premium Pro Version Working Free.Latest Version Release Added On: 03rd Oct 2018.Compatibility Architecture: Apple-Intel Architecture.Setup Type: Offline Installer / Full Standalone Setup DMG Package.Setup App File Name: Adobe_Premiere_Pro_CC_2018_v12.1.2.69_macOS.zip.Mac App Full Name: Download Adobe Premiere Pro for Mac.Got stereoscopic 3D editing, auto-color adjustment, audio keyframing as well as some of the most captivating clip and timeline effects.Īdobe Premiere Pro App for Mac OS – Technical Details.Supports a very wide range of cameras like Nikon, Sony and Panasonic etc.Enhanced with the latest GPU acceleration technology which lets the users to view the results without the requirement to render the videos.Got Adobe Encore for DVD authoring and Adobe OnLocation for direct-to-disk recording.Wrapped around the timeline concept which will simplify the video production process.An impressive video production application which will let you capture as well as edit the content by providing the exporting and publishing capabilities. ![]() You can also download Wirecast Pro 10 for Mac.įeatures of Adobe Premiere Pro for Macbookīelow are some main features which you’ll experience after Adobe Premiere Pro for Mac free download. All in all Adobe Premiere Pro for Mac is an impressive application which will allow you to capture and edit video content. Adobe Premiere Pro for Mac has also got stereoscopic 3D editing, auto-color adjustment, audio keyframing as well as some of the most captivating clip and timeline effects. Adobe Premiere Pro for Mac has come up with a very wide range of cameras like Nikon, Sony and Panasonic etc and it will make it easier to import and edit digitally recorded videos while eliminating the time-taking transcoding process. This video editing application has been enhanced with the latest GPU acceleration technology which lets the users to view the results without the requirement to render the videos first resulting the speeding up of the workflow. You can also download Wondershare Filmora for Mac.Īdobe Premiere Pro for Machas also got Adobe Encore for DVD authoring and Adobe OnLocation for direct-to-disk recording. This application has been wrapped around the timeline concept which will simplify the video production process. it is full Latest Version setup of Adobe Premiere Pro Premium Pro DMG for Apple Macbook OS X.īrief Overview of Adobe Premiere Pro for Mac OS XĪdobe Premiere Pro for Mac is an impressive video production application which will let you capture as well as edit the content by providing the exporting and publishing capabilities. Download Adobe Premiere Pro for Mac Free. ![]() This post will show you what's new and how to use it on your Windows device. ![]() OneNote on Windows has some new updates that we think you'll love. You can find out more about how to switch and why in our blog post on this topic. The OneNote for Windows 10 app will no longer be supported in 2025. The OneNote app has new features you’ll love and an updated sync experience. If you're still using the OneNote for Windows 10 app, we highly recommend you switch to the OneNote app as soon as possible. We want to remind you that these updates are only for the OneNote app, not the OneNote for Windows 10 app. We have some exciting updates for OneNote on Windows to share with you in this document. Which version of OneNote does this post apply to? If you have product feedback as you try out the new features or other suggestions, we’d love to hear from you! For features that have not yet rolled out, stay connected with us on X to get notifications when they start to roll out. The remaining features discussed in this post are coming soon. Starting October 2023, users in the Current Channel will receive the following features ![]() Learn more about embedding content on OneNote and supported links from our support article. This also adds Stream (on SharePoint) to the list of links that can be enriched by an inline preview. Starting soon, you can directly preview Stream videos (on SharePoint) within OneNote without needing to switch to another application. This seamless integration allows you to stay focused on your notes and maintain your productivity without any interruptions. Learn more and explore what’s possible with Microsoft 365 Copilot from our official blog and support site. As your AI-powered notetaking partner, Copilot uses your prompts to draft plans, summarize your notes, generate ideas, create lists, organize information, and more. ![]() Copilot in OneNote helps you create, capture, organize, and recall information with confidence. In line with our recent announcements on Copilot availability, Microsoft 365 Copilot is coming to OneNote on Windows starting in November. Supercharge Productivity with OneNote Copilot These predictions appear in real-time as inline ghost text and are inserted on pressing Tab or the Right-arrow key.įor those who love the left-sided layout on OneNote for the web, OneNote for Mac, and OneNote for iPad, you’ll be thrilled to hear that we’ve brought this experience to the OneNote on Windows app! Using the new Vertical Tabs layout option under the View menu, you can use a navigation experience similar to other Microsoft 365 apps and services, such as Outlook and Teams. Text Prediction in OneNote lets you capture your notes faster by completing the current word and anticipating the next word or phrase of your sentence based on the context that you're typing in. More information in this article).įollowing Outlook and Word, inline text predictions are now available in OneNote on Windows. (If you don't have a digital pen enabled device and have a touch device instead, or already have handwritten notes that you’d like to convert, select your handwritten notes through Draw > Lasso Select and choose Ink to Text on the ribbon to convert your handwritten notes to text. This includes an all new Draw tab, improved ink reliability, and a quick shortcut to get help specifically built for ink! We’ve also added tools to help you better annotate, take handwritten notes, and draw. Learn more about the new text pen and available ink gestures in With the text pen selected from the Draw tab, you can convert your handwriting to text as you write and edit your converted notes with natural gestures, such as selecting text with a strikethrough, deleting text by scribbling over it, and more. With the enhanced text pen and inking gestures, you can do more with your digital pen (or stylus) on OneNote on Windows. ![]() If you are downloading the recovery image using the same Dell computer, select For this computer, and click NEXT and go to step 7 of this section.Identify the computer that requires the recovery media using the Service Tag.Launch the Dell OS Recovery Tool application ( Figure 2 ).Step 2: Creating the Dell operating system Recovery Media Double-click the downloaded file and follow the on-screen instructions to complete the installation process.įigure 1: Reinstall Microsoft Windows Download operating system Recover Tool.Browse to the folder where the downloaded file is saved.Click Download operating system Recovery Tool and save the file to the computer ( Figure 1 ).Step 1: Download and install the Dell OS Recovery Tool. The Dell OS Recovery Tool allows you to download either Microsoft Windows, Ubuntu, or Linux operating system recovery image that was preinstalled on your Dell computer. The Dell OS Recovery Tool helps you download the operating system recovery image that is customized for your Dell computer and create a USB recovery media. Using the Dell OS Recovery Tool to create USB recovery media on a Windows computer: To use a non-Windows computer to download the recovery image, see our article How to Download and Use the Dell Operating System Recovery Image in Ubuntu or Linux It is not designed or tested for use on non-Dell computers. NOTE: The Dell operating system recovery image must be used on Dell computers only. The Dell OS recovery tool provides an interface to quickly download and create a bootable USB drive to reinstall the operating system. You can download and use the Dell operating system recovery image to perform a clean install, or reinstall Windows, Ubuntu, or Linux on your Dell computer. The Windows, Ubuntu, or Linux image that was factory installed on your computer. If your computer does not support Dell SupportAssist OS Recovery, Dell provides operating system recovery image. See our article, Restore your Computer Using SupportAssist OS Recovery for more information. For a list of computers that support SupportAssist OS Recovery, see the Dell SupportAssist OS Recovery Support Matrix. To reinstall the operating system due to a computer crash, hard drive replacement, or other serious software problem with your Dell computer?ĭell Technologies recommends that supported computers use Dell SupportAssist OS Recovery Automated by SupportAssist for a premium restoration experience. NOTE: Windows 11 ONLY supports the Automated by SupportAssist option. ![]() She explains that she chose attainable, yet status-enhancing people for them to date. Fabiola and Eleanor both disagree with her, so she moves on to the next step to becoming cool: having boyfriends. She tells Fabiola she should stop dressing like a helpful Honda guy and tells Eleanor that she stop show tune singing spontaneously. She tells them they are rebranding and embracing the fact that they are glamorous women of color who deserve a sexy high school life. She says they need to be cool if they want a better high school experience. She tells them they have a problem: they are not cool. ![]() Once in school, Devi finds Fabiola and Eleanor. She even tells Devi that she might learn a bit from Kamala. ![]() Nalini tells her she will stay as long as she finishes her studies because she is family, and she is making herself better. Nalani tells Devi not to be rude to her beautiful cousin.ĭevi tells her mom that she cannot stand Kamala because she is so Indian. She tells her that she does not bring lunch to school during Tuesdays. at CalTech, but Devi is not so pleased with her. Kamala moved in with them after Mohan’s passing to complete her Ph.D. Three months after her leg’s paralysis, while Devi is checking out Paxton from a distance, she unconsciously stands to get a better view, and from then on, her legs start working again.ĭevi is about to leave for school when her attractive cousin Kamala stops her to give her the packed lunch she prepared herself. She has a big crush on Paxton Hall-Yoshida, the hottest guy in their school. Devi has two best friends, Fabiola Torres, captain of the robotics team, and Eleanor Wong, drama club president. At Devi’s spring orchestra concert, Mohan suffers a heart attack that kills him, and a week later, Devi’s legs get paralyzed, so she gets stuck in a wheelchair. He narrates that Devi worshipped her father, and while he and her mother stayed true to being Indian, Devi was all-American. He says Nalini and Mohan Vishwakumar moved to the US in September 2001. This series gets narrated by legendary tennis player John McEnroe. She asks to be invited to a party with alcohol and drugs, for her arm hair to thin out, and to have a boyfriend. Sophomore student Devi Vishwakumar from Sherman Oaks, California prays to the gods to guide her as she prepares for the first day of school. ![]() Additionally, Shopify is not currently compatible with all browsers, so you may need to download and install a compatible browser in order to use the platform. First and foremost, Shopify is a cloud-based platform, which means that you will need a reliable internet connection in order to use it. PRO TIP: If you are planning to download Shopify to your laptop, be aware that there are certain risks involved. Now that you have Shopify downloaded and installed on your computer, it’s time to start selling! In the next section, we’ll give you some tips on how to get started with usingShopify. If you don’t have a Shopify account yet, you can sign up for one here. ![]() Once it’s installed, open the app and log in with your Shopify account information. Once the download is complete, open the file and follow the prompts to install Shopify on your computer. This will start the download process for the Shopify app. Scroll down to the “Download” section and click on the “Download for Windows” button. To download Shopify, head over to the Shopify website. We’ll also give you some tips on how to get started with using Shopify. In this article, we’ll show you how to download Shopify to your laptop so you can start selling today. Shopify is a great platform for businesses of all sizes to sell online. Shopify also has a powerful POS system that lets you sell in-person with ease. You can use Shopify to sell online, in-store, or through marketplaces. ![]() It offers users a customizable platform, an easy-to-use checkout process, and a wide range of features. Their copyright in the commit message of the change, when they commit theĬhange to one of the Jupyter repositories.Shopify is a platform for businesses of all sizes to create an online store. If individual contributors want to maintain a record of whatĬhanges/contributions they have specific copyright on, they should indicate Instead, it is the collective copyright of the entire Jupyterĭevelopment Team. Source code, in its entirety is not the copyright of any single person or But, it is important to note that theseĬontributions are typically only changes to the repositories. The core team that coordinates development on GitHub can be found here: This includes all of the Jupyter subprojects. ![]() The Jupyter Development Team is the set of all contributors to the Jupyter project. Technical support - Jupyter Google Group.This repository is a Jupyter project and follows the JupyterĬommunity Guides and Code of Conduct. If you are interested in contributing to the project, see CONTRIBUTING.md. See CONTRIBUTING.md for how to set up a local development installation. You need some configuration before starting Jupyter notebook remotely. Jupyter notebook Running in a remote installation The documentation for advanced usage of Jupyter notebook can be foundįor a local installation, make sure you have You can find the installation documentation for the Language-agnostic Jupyter notebook in this repo and with the help of theĬommunity develop language specific kernels which are found in their own AsĬomputing spans across many languages, Project Jupyter will continue to develop the Release containing both language-agnostic code, such as the IPython notebook,Īnd language specific code, such as the IPython kernel for Python. In 2015, Jupyter notebook was released as a part of Jupyter notebook is a language-agnostic HTML notebook application for Jupyter notebook, the language-agnostic evolution of IPython notebook That way your new feature will also be compatible with the new Notebook v7. If you have an open pull request with a new feature or if you were planning to open one, we encourage switching over to the Jupyter Server and JupyterLab architecture, and distribute it as a server extension and / or JupyterLab prebuilt extension. New features and continuous improvement is now focused on Notebook v7 (see section above). It depends on nbclassic for the HTML/JavaScript/CSS assets. Maintenance and security-related issues only are now being addressed in the 6.5.x branch. To learn more about Notebook v7: Classic Notebook v6 This represents a significant change to the jupyter/notebook code base. The newest major version of Notebook is based on: Upgrading to Notebook v7 may require more work, if you use custom extensions, as extensions writtenįor Notebook v5 or Classic Notebook v6 are not compatible with Notebook v7. Notebook v5 is no longer maintained.Īll Notebook v5 users are strongly advised to upgrade to Classic Notebook v6 as soon as possible. We maintain the two most recently released major versions of Jupyter Notebook,Ĭlassic Notebook v6 and Notebook v7. The Jupyter notebook is a web-based notebook environment for interactive ![]() In other words, does he like the extreme rides or the calmer ones? This may give you some clues about whether he is a risk-taker or someone who is more reserved and deliberate.Īnother related question to ask your boyfriend is what his dream car would be. At an amusement park, what are your favorite rides? Asking what’s their favorite holiday is probably a good conversation starter too. You can always delve deeper into those dynamics with family members as the relationship moves forward. You’ll get some insight into his family dynamics without having to ask directly. Once he responds, you can expand the conversation to how he went trick or treating:Īnd from there, you can even move on to other holidays and how they were celebrated. What was your favorite Halloween costume? ![]() This can turn into a discussion of food in general, and you’ll get some idea of his dietary habits. You can even add some follow-ups to this, “Do you still eat that today?”. When you were a kid, what was your favorite school lunch? Now some examples of icebreaker questions to ask your boyfriend. You see? Fun questions can actually reveal a lot. Will he see that his parents have their best life ever?. ![]() Will he send all of his nieces and nephews to college?. ![]() Will he support a cause or two that are important to him?.When he tells you some things that he would do with that money, you’ll actually get some insight into what he values: What would you do?” And here’s the thing. Sometimes, you may want to provide your answer first.įor example, you might say, “Last night I dreamed that I won a billion dollars and was trying to decide what to do with it. Here are some sample fun questions you can ask that may seem superficial but can still let you know if you want to move forward with him. They will give you insights into his personality, his sense of humor, and other stuff. So now, this is the time for some fun, cute questions. You might be chatting on a dating app, have had a date or two and have asked some of these, and you may be messaging or talking in between those dates. Well, he’s not officially your boyfriend yet, but you already feel some attraction and have decided to explore where things might be headed. Spread them out over time, wait for the right moments, and be prepared to give your own answers to the same questions.įirst Dates: 21 Icebreaker Questions to Ask Your Boyfriend The other thing to remember? Don’t just pepper him with questions. The questions listed below are divided into three categories, for each stage of your relationship – icebreakers, the early relationship stage, and getting into a serious relationship that looks like it will be long-term. If you follow it, guess what? You won’t scare him off with questions like “How many children do you want?” Instead, you’ll have some fun and still get all the information you need to finally decide if he’s the one you want to spend the rest of your life with. What you’re going to get here is a guide for the kinds of questions you should ask your boyfriend at each of three stages of your relationship. For this, you’ll need the ultimate list of questions to ask your boyfriend instead. But will these games give you all the information to learn more about your boyfriend in the process of dating? Not always. There are many games out there to ask questions – Hangman, 21 Questions, Never Have I Ever, Fact or Fiction, Charades, Guess Who. ![]() Motorized Bicycle Operator’s Permit before age 21 and valid to age 21 *Knowledge test and 30-day instruction permit Motorized Bicycle Operator’s Permit Fee View Commercial Driver's License Endorsements and Restrictions information and the Minnesota Commercial Driver's Manual, Section 1, Part B: Minnesota School Bus Driver's Handbook Knowledge test for School Bus is required at time of license renewal. ![]() One license issued, others must be invalidated. Have no disqualifying convictions on driving record. Pass a road test in a school bus of a size applicant intends to drive. Pass CDL knowledge and endorsements tests. The commissioner shall accept the national criminal history check request and the fingerprints of the applicant and is authorized to exchange fingerprints with the Federal Bureau of Investigation and request the Federal Bureau of Investigation to conduct a criminal history check. If the applicant has resided in Minnesota for less than five years, the check must also include a national criminal history check. The check must consist of a criminal history check of the state criminal records repository and a check of the driver's license records system. DOT medical examiner's certificate from a certified medical examiner.īefore issuing or renewing a school bus endorsement, the commissioner shall conduct a criminal history and driver's license records check of the applicant. Qualified Rehabilitation Consultants (QRCs)īe 18 years old for intrastate passenger or school bus transportation.īe 21 years of age for interstate transportation.Ĭomplete Commercial Drivers' License self-certification form and provide a valid U.S. Select a topic to view their list of licensesĬooling, Fuel Burning, Refrigeration Equipment ![]() ![]() In the early 1660s, the Earl of Southampton constructed what eventually became Bloomsbury Square. In the 16th century, with the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Henry VIII took the land back into the possession of the Crown, and granted it to Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton. An 1878 publication, Old and New London: Volume 4, mentions the idea that the area was named after a village called Lomesbury which formerly stood where Bloomsbury Square is now, though this piece of folk etymology is now discredited.Īt the end of the 14th century Edward III acquired Blemond’s manor, and passed it on to the Carthusian monks of the London Charterhouse, who kept the area mostly rural. The name Bloomsbury is a development from Blemondisberi – the bury, or manor, of Blemond. But it is not until 1201 that the name Bloomsbury is first noted, when William de Blemond, a Norman landowner, acquired the land. The earliest record of what would become Bloomsbury is the 1086 Domesday Book, which records that the area had vineyards and ’wood for 100 pigs’. If anyone has any answers please email me īloomsbury Bloomsbury is an area of the London Borough of Camden, in central London, between Euston Road and Holborn, developed by the Russell family in the 17th and 18th centuries into a fashionable residential area. An elderly gentleman once told me when I was a child that there used to be a cemetery but I am not sure if he was trying to scare us children! I only thought about this recently when walking past the old Methodist Church and seeing the flag stone in the side of the wall with the inscription of when it was built late 1880 We now walk my mothers dog there twice a day. We spent most of our childhood playing along the old dis-used railway that run directly along Blythwood Road and opposite Holly Park Estate - top end which is where we live/ed. I am wondering if there was ever a cemetery within The Hollies? And if so where? Was it near to the Blythwood Road end or much nearer to the old Methodist Church which is still standing although rather old looking. I lived in Holly Park Estate from 1969 I was 8 years old when we moved in until I left to get married, my mother still lives there now 84. Formerly the Gaiety Restaurant dined 2000 persons daily no business whatever is now done in this direction. the manager of the restaurant, estimates that the rats have destroyed L200 worth of linen. In the bar the removal of a panel disclosed the astonishing fact that the rats have dragged for a distance of seven or eight yards some thirty or forty beer and wine bottles and stacked them in such a fashion as to make comfortable sleeping places. This represents 1728 serviettes carried theee by the rats. Behind the wainscot of the bandstand in the grillroom is a large mound of linen shreds. Those three spacious halls which have witnessed many as semblages of theatre-goers are now qui:e deserted. Rats have invaded the premises in such force that the managers have had to close the large dining room on the first floor and the grill rooms on the ground floor and in the basement. ![]() The Gaiety Restaurant has been the greatest sufferer. The unwelcome visitors have been evicted from their old haunts by the County Council housebreakers, and are now busily in search of new homes. "There are millions of them," said one shopkeeper, and his statement was supported by other residents. The rats, indeed, have appeared in almost-incredible numbers. Women refuse to pass along Blackmore street and the lower parts of Stanhope street after dusk, for droves of rats perambulate the roadways and pavements, and may be seen running along the window ledges of the empty houses awaiting demolition by the County Council in the Strand to Holborn improvement scheme. Something akin to a reign of terror prevails among the inhabitants after nightfall. The streets principally infested are Catherine street, Drury lane, Blackmore street, Clare Market and Russell street. The Daily Mail on 14 April 1903 reported "MILLIONS OF RATS IN BUSY LONDON"Ī rat plague, unprecedented in the annals of London, has broken out on the north side of the Strand. ![]() If $SHELL contains /bin/bash it invokes sudo /bin/bash (see above). Sudo -s reads the $SHELL variable and executes the content. So you are root, but in the environment of the calling user. bin/bash is started as non-login shell so all the dot-files are not executed, but bash itself reads. Sudo /bin/bash This means that you call sudo with the command /bin/bash. login will be read and executed by the shell. This means that login-specific resource files such as. Sudo -i It is nearly the same as sudo su - The -i (simulate initial login) option runs the shell specified by the password database entry of the target user as a login shell. bashrc are executed and you will find yourself in root's home directory with root's environment. You can see that after switching to root you are still in the same directory: sudo su - This time it is a login shell, so /etc/profile. Bash is called as interactive non-login shell. non-interactive shell: A (sub)shell that is probably run from an automated process.interactive shell: A shell (login or non-login) where you can interactively type or interrupt commands.The sudo command has existed for a long time, but Ubuntu was the first popular Linux distribution to go sudo-only by default. When you open a graphic terminal in gnome it is a non-login shell. The su command is the traditional way of acquiring root permissions on Linux. non-login shell: A shell that is executed without logging in, necessary for this is a currently logged-in user.When you hit ctrl+ alt+ F1 to login into a virtual terminal you get after successful login a login shell. ![]() login shell: A login shell logs you into the system as a specified user, necessary for this is a username and password.It's important to understand the difference between login, non-login, interactive and non-interactive shells: bash - A text-interface to interact with the computer. The su+sudo escalation method is used to switch to an account that is allowed to run commands via sudo, then run a single command using a third privileged account without knowing the privileged accounts password.By default, Ubuntu "remembers" your password for 15 minutes, so that you don't have to type your password every time. This user must be in the sudoers file (or a group that is in the sudoers file). But unlike su it prompts you for the password of the current user. sudo - sudo is meant to run a single command with root privileges.su asks you for the password of the user to switch, after typing the password you switched to the user's environment. ![]()
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